南亚热带土壤温度动态变化特征及其意义

根据定位系统观测资料，阐述了南亚热带山地常绿森林区、丘陵旱作区和平原水稻区多种土壤的温度变化与气温的关系。观测研究结果表明：低山常绿森林区温度的三维空间差异比丘陵区、平原区大，丘陵区又比平原区大；南亚热带林区的气温、地表温、30cm土温比中亚热带的高，比热带的低：南亚热带林区的谷地气温高于针叶林、混交林和阔叶林，谷地地表温低于针叶林而高于混交林和阔叶林，谷地20m土温低于针叶林、混交林而高于阔叶林；在气温一致的丘陵区栽植植物不同，其地表温、土温略有差异；在平原水稻土区，年气温、地表温、20cm土温差异不大，但30cm以下土温渐显差异；不同地貌单元的气温、地表温和土温的年际差异、年平均温度、各月及0～12～24时的温度动态变化各具特征。根据气温与植物生长的关系，拟把气温＞22℃的4～10月称热季、气温＜22℃的1～3月及11～12月称作凉季。可因地制宜，根据气温和土温的变化特征与土壤水分和作物生长的关系，采取措施调节温度，以利于作物生长。     

地区发展差异与湖北省可持续发展战略

湖北省的经济发展水平与全国其它地区存在着较大的差异，从全国范围看，湖北省多年一直处在中等偏下的水平，而在长江流域，近年湖北省一下游省市的差距在迅速扩大；在中心地区各省中，湖北则相对领先。     

A_2型高粱细胞质雄性不育系与其保持系的胞质DNA和核DNA差异

以高粱细胞质雄性不育系A2 V4 (A)及其保持系V4 (B)的总DNA为模板 ,对 184个随机引物进行筛选 ,找到6个其RAPD扩增产物在A/B间存在稳定差异的引物 .将该 6个引物同时扩增A/B的总DNA、线粒体DNA(mtDNA)及叶绿体DNA(cpDNA) .以总DNA为模板时得到 12个扩增片段 ,以mtDNA为模板时得到 4个 ,以cpDNA为模板时得到 11个 .结果分析表明 ,在这些扩增片段中 ,有 7个仅仅出现在以胞质DNA为模板的扩增中 ,有 5个在以总DNA和胞质DNA为模板时同时出现 ,即认为这 12个片段来自胞质DNA .另有 7个片段 ,在以胞质DNA为模板时未出现 ,而是仅仅出现在以总DNA为模板的扩增中 ,认为是来自核DNA .来自核DNA的 7个扩增片段中 ,有 5个来自保持系 ,有 2个来自不育系 ,这表明 ,不育系与保持系在核DNA上存在差异 .对A/B核DNA在CMS中的重要性及研究对策进行了讨论 .图 2表 4参 19     

高层建筑电梯活塞效应及烟气控制分析

在电梯运行活塞效应及其对火灾烟气影响理论分析基础上,分析电梯井和前室加压及压力波动情况;结合高层建筑烟控系统的原理,通过合理的压差设计,可保证电梯系统在最大容许压差和最小容许压差之间正常工作。通过对活塞效应及其对电梯与建筑空间之间压差影响的分析发现,极限状态下烟气可能卷入电梯井和前室,对人员的疏散造成威胁,提出了控制活塞效应影响的上限临界压差。研究表明,合理的排气泄压系统、气压式挡烟系统、可变送风系统及火灾层带通风排烟设施的系统等均能对火灾烟气进行有效控制,提高电梯疏散的安全性。研究所得的结论为火灾中利用电梯进行疏散提供了理论指导及一种烟气控制的方法。     

气密性高等级生物安全实验室的负压控制

提出漏风量换气次数的概念,并以此作为评价气流控制阀是否适用于生物安全实验室压差控制的指标;提出引入附加漏风量的气密性生物安全实验室压差控制策略。进行对比实验,研究实验室在无人为漏风量与引入人为漏风量这两种情况下启动、微扰动、关门等工况下实验室的压差波动情况,其结果显示在引入人为漏风量情况下实验间压差波动范围减小、稳定速度加快。从而说明引入附加漏风量的压差控制策略在气密性生物安全实验室的压差控制方面具有重要的实际应用价值。     

基于ICA/MNF变换的高分影像滑坡灾害检测方法研究

快速准确地从灾后影像中提取出受灾区域对于灾后救援具有重要意义。鉴于现有提取方法过度依赖滑坡在影像中的光学、纹理等特征的问题,研究了一种结合独立成分分析(ICA)与最小噪声比率变换(MNF)的变化检测方法,以单一时相的影像为基础,运用基于负熵最大化的Fast-ICA算法分离出两个时相影像相互正交的独立成分,并构建对应独立成分的差异影像,最后用最小噪声比率变换实现分布于各个差异影像上变化信息的集中,应用直方图阈值法得到了最终的滑坡灾害信息。选取了滑坡灾害前后两时相的高分辨率遥感影像数据进行实验,结果证实了方法的可行性。     

黑碳气溶胶的测量方法对比研究

大气黑碳气溶胶主要有光学分析法、热学分析法以及热光结合分析法。利用苏州南门国控子站的碳分析数据,对三种黑碳浓度测量方法进行对比并分析其差异来源。主要得出以下结论:黑碳仪衰减系数无普适标准,热学分析法使有机碳碳化、元素碳不完全分离,TOT法协议设置存在争议是三种方法存在差异的主要原因。     

Significance of adverse outcome pathways in biomarker-based environmental risk assessment in aquatic organisms

In environmental risk assessments (ERA), biomarkers have been widely used as an early warning signal of environmental contamination. However, biomarker responses have limitation due to its low relevance to adverse outcomes (e.g., fluctuations in community structure, decreases in population size, and other similar ecobiologically relevant indicators of community structure and function). To mitigate these limitations, the concept of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) was developed. An AOP is an analytical, sequentially progressive pathway that links a molecular initiating event (MIE) to an adverse outcome. Recently, AOPs have been recognized as a potential informational tool by which the implications of molecular biomarkers in ERA can be better understood. To demonstrate the utility of AOPs in biomarker-based ERA, here we discuss a series of three different biological repercussions caused by exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and selenium (Se). Using mainly aquatic invertebrates and selected vertebrates as model species, we focus on the development of the AOP concept. Aquatic organisms are suitable bioindicator species whose entire lifespans can be observed over a short period; moreover, these species can be studied on the molecular and population levels. Also, interspecific differences between aquatic organisms are important to consider in an AOP framework, since these differences are an integral part of the natural environment. The development of an environmental pollutant-mediated AOP may enable a better understanding of the effects of environmental pollutants in different scenarios in the diverse community of an ecosystem.     

工业化、城市化对耕地数量变化影响差异分析

工业化、城市化进程对耕地资源数量变化产生了重要影响，但工业化、城市化对耕地资源数量的影响机制存在差异。以1990~2005年江苏省数据为基础，通过建立向量自回归模型，运用脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法，分析了工业化、城市化对耕地数量变动率影响的差异。结果表明，耕地数量变动率、工业化水平和城市化水平均呈非平稳变动趋势，但工业化、城市化对耕地数量变动率的作用方向不同，工业化对耕地数量变动率产生负效应，城市化则产生正效应。同时，城市化对耕地数量变化的影响大于工业化带来的影响，并且城市化的影响比工业化的影响更为持久。这意味着，〖JP2〗江苏省工业化和城市化快速增长时期，城市化是耕地数量变化的首要原因。因此，在当前江苏省工业化与城市化非平衡发展的情况下，合理控制城市化进程，提高城市化质量，对于耕地保护具有积极意义。〖     

Differences in urban and rural accident characteristics and medical service utilization for traffic fatalities in less-motorized societies

Introduction

Fatalities from traffic accidents in less-motorized societies are an important global issue. We aimed to characterize the geographic differences of fatalities in such societies to facilitate the development of targeted interventions.

Method

This study linked police reports, hospital data, and vital registration data from Taiwan with special reference to accident factors in pre-hospital deaths and medical care in hospital deaths.

Results

A higher percentage of pre-hospital deaths were observed following rural as compared to urban traffic accidents. The deaths due to rural accidents can be attributed to lower use of restraints (i.e., helmets or seat belts), lower percentage of motorcyclists, and more highway accidents. A higher percentage of victims in rural accidents were transported to distant medical centers rather than to local hospitals.

Conclusion

Specific interventions, such as intelligent emergency medical systems, campaigns for helmets and seat belt usage, enforcement of helmets and seat belt use, and speed control measures should be targeted to rural areas.

Impact on industry

Cooperation between the vehicle industry and emergency medical providers in rural traffic accident rescue teams may decrease the numbers of deaths in these regions.